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References

Hydroxyoxime extractant focus 

  1. Tasker P.A., P G Plieger and L C West "Metal Complexes for Hydrometallurgy and Extraction" Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry Reviews II 9 (2004) 759-808.
  2. Szymanowski J., "Hydroxyoximes and Copper Hydrometallurgy" (1993). Published by CRC Press.
  3. Dalton R.F., K.J. Severs, G Stephens, "Advances in Solvent Extraction of Copper, by Optimized use of Modifiers" Mining Latin America, Nov 86 Chile.
  4. Kordosky G.A., "Copper Recovery Using Leach / Solvent Extraction / Electrowinning Technology: Forty Years of Innovation, 2.2 Million Tonnes of Copper Annually" Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, (Eds. K C Sole, P M Cole, J.S. Preston and D.J. Robinson), ISEC 2002, 853-862 (2002).
  5. Maes C., O. Tinkler, T. Moore, and J. Mejias "The Evolution of Modified Aldoxime Copper Extractants", (Paper presented at Cobre 2003).
  6. Tasker P.A. and V Gasperov "Ligand Design for Base Metal Recovery", Macrocyclic Chemistry, 365-382 (2005), (ed. K. Gloe Publ. Springer, Dordrecht).
  7. Maes C.J., A. Moore, O. Tinkler and R.M. Swart "Using Modified Strong Copper Extractants to Treat Sulphidic Ores" J. of Mining 55(7) (2003) 31-33.
  8. Bogacki M.B., "Physical Modification of Copper Extractans" Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 15 (5) (1997) 731-755.
  9. Sastre A.M. and J. Szymanowski "Discussion of the Physichochemical Effects of Modifiers on the Extraction Properties of Hydroxyoximes. A Review" Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 22 (5) (2004) 737-759.
  10. Smith A.G., P.A. Tasker, David J. White "The Structures of Phenolic Oximes and Their Complexes" Coordination Chemistry Reviews 241 (1-2) (2003) 61-85.
  11. Jennings K.R., "The Changing Impact of the Collision-Induced Decomposition of Ions on Mass Spectrometry", International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 200 (1/3) (2000) 479-493.
  12. R.M. Swart "Copper Extractant Strength: The Effect of Substituents in the 3-Position on Hydroxyoxime Performance. (Paper submitted to Copper-Cobre 2007).
  13. Radiografia de las Principales Plantas: Chile aporta el 62% de la producción mundial de cobre SX-EW Mineria Chilena, Volume 249, September 2004, pg. 65-73.
  14. Miller, "Design of Mixer-Settlers to Maximise Performance", ALTA 2006 Copper Conference, Perth, Australia, May 18-19, 2006.
  15. Swart, Cramer, Castro, Tasker, and Forgan, "Evolution of Copper Solvent Extraction Reagents", 2007 Hydrometallurgy Conference, Vina del Mar, Chile, May 17-18, 2007.
  16. Soderstrom, Matthew, "New Developments in Copper SX Reagents, ALTA 2006 Copper Conference, Perth, Australia, May 18-19, 2006.
  17. Tinkler, "A Closer Look at Reagent Consumption", Engineering and Mining Journal, April 2007.
  18. Soderstrom, Bednarski, Shiels, and Cramer, "Understanding Extractant Consumption", ALTA 2007 Copper Conference, Perth, Australia, May 24-25, 2007.
  19. Phillips, T., M. Weishi, M. Soderstrom and K. Cramer, "Optimizing Metallurgical Performance at Silver Bell mining LLC" Hydrometallurgy 2008, Phoenix, AZ,
  20. Tinkler, O., L. Hoffman, M. Hangoma, and G. Banza;
  21. The ACORGA OPT-Series: Comparative Studies Against Aldoxime: Ketoxime Reagents, The SAIMM South African Hydrometallurgy Conference 2009. 

Organophosphine extractant focus

  1. Pearson, R.G. Hard and soft acids and bases. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 85(22), 3533-3538 (1963).
  2. Flett, D.S. Chemistry of nickel-cobalt separation. Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, published by John Wiley and Sons, 4, 76-97 (1987).
  3. Heng, R., Lehmann, R. and Garcia, D.J. Zinc recovery from hydrometallurgical zinc processing residues by solvent extraction. Proc. of ISEC'86, 2, 613-625 (1986).
  4. Dreisinger, D.B. and Cooper, W.C. The solvent extraction separation of cobalt and nickel using 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethyl- hexyl ester. Hydrometallurgy, 12, 1-20 (1984)
  5. Rickelton, W.A. and Nucciarone, D. The treatment of cobalt/nickel solutions using CYANEX® extractants. Hydrometallurgy and Refining of Nickel and Cobalt, 27th Annu. Hydrometall. Meet., 1, 275-292 (1997).
  6. Cytec Canada Inc. CYANEX® 272 Extractant Sales Brochure, 20 pp.
  7. Cox, M. and Flett, D.S. Modern extractants for copper, cobalt and nickel. Chemistry and Industry, 188-193 (1987).
  8. Orive, M.M., Olazabal, M.A., Fernanadez, L.A. and Madariaga, J.M. The recovery of cobalt and nickel from acidic sulfate solutions in the presence of aluminum. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 10(5), 787-797 (1992).
  9. Feather, A.M. and Cole, P.M. The separation of cobalt from nickel ammonium sulfate solution by solvent extraction. Value Adding Through Solvent Extraction, Proc. of ISEC'96, 1, 511-516 (1996).
  10. Babjak, J. Process for metal recovery by solvent extraction from CaSO4 containing sulfate solutions. US Patent 4,610,861 (1986).
  11. Sole, K.C. and Hiskey, J.B. Solvent extraction characteristics of thio- substituted organophosphinic acid extractants. Hydrometallurgy, 30, 345-365 (1992).
  12. Hubicki, Z. and Hubicka, H. Studies on the extraction process of nickel(II) sulfate purification using Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy, 40, 65-76 (1996).
  13. Gandhi, M.N., Deorkar, N.V. and Khopkar, S.M. Solvent extraction separation of cobalt(II) from nickel and other metals with CYANEX 272. Talanta, 40(10), 1535-1539 (1993).
  14. Danesi, P.R., Reichley-Yinger, L., Cianetti, C. and Rickert, P.G. Separation of cobalt and nickel by liquid-liquid extraction and supported liquid membranes with di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phos- phinic acid [CYANEX272]. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2(6), 781-814 (1984).
  15. Tait, B.K. Countercurrent tests on CYANEX 302 and CYANEX 272 as separation reagents for cobalt-nickel. Solvent Extraction in the Process Industries, Proc. of ISEC'93, 3, 1303-1310 (1993).
  16. Tait, B.K. Cobalt-nickel separation: the extraction of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) by Cyanex 301, Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy, 32, 365-372 (1993).
  17. Fu, X. and Golding, J.A. Solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel in bis(2,4,4-tri-methylpentyl) phosphinic acid, "CYANEX –272". Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 5(2), 205-226 (1987).
  18. Fu, X. and Golding, J.A. Equilibrium and mass transfer for the extraction of cobalt and nickel from sulfate solutions into bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid – "CYANEX 272". Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 6(5), 889-917 (1988).
  19. Devi, N.B., Nathsarma, K.C. and Chakravortty, V. Separation and recovery of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) from sulfate solutions using sodium salts of D2EHPA, PC-88A and Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy, 49, 47-61 (1998).
  20. Devi, N.B., Nathsarma, K.C. and Chakravortty, V. Sodium salts of D2EHPA, PC-88A and Cyanex 272 and their mixtures as extractants for cobalt(II). Hydrometallurgy, 34, 331-342 (1994).
  21. Martinez, R.V., Liranza, E.G., Barzaga, B.R. and Daudinot, A.M. Cobalt recovery by solvent extraction from acid leach solutions of Caron's process mixed Ni/Co sulfide. Hydrometallurgy and Refining of Nickel and Cobalt, 27th Annu. Hydrometall. Meet., 1, 293-304 (1997).
  22. Preston, J.S. Recent developments in the separation of nickel and cobalt from sulfate solutions by solvent extraction. J. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 126-132 (1983).
  23. Bourget, C., Cox, M. and Flett, D.S. Solvent extraction and separation of cobalt, nickel and magnesium from a Greek laterite leach liquor. Value Adding Through Solvent Extraction, Proc. of ISEC'96, 1, 505-510 (1996).
  24. Rickelton, W.A., Flett, D.S. and West, D.W. Cobalt-nickel separation by solvent extraction with a dialkylphosphinic acid. Proc. of ISEC'83, 195-196 (1983).
  25. Rickelton, W.A., Flett, D.S. and West, D.W. Cobalt-nickel separation by solvent extraction with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2(6), 815-838 (1984).
  26. Rickelton, W.A., Robertson, A.J. and Burley, D.R. Selective extraction of cobalt(II) from aqueous solutions with phosphinic acid extractants. US Patent 4,353,883 (1982).
  27. Rickelton, W.A. Recovery of cobalt from ammoniacal solutions containing cobalt and nickel. US Patent 4,619,816 (1986).
  28. Preston, J.S. and du Preez, A.C. The solvent extraction of cobalt, nickel, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, and the rare-earth metals by organophosphorus acids. Mintek technical report No M378, 30 pp. (1988).
  29. Fittock, J. QNI Limited cobalt refinery: Process development, installation and operation. Hydrometallurgy and Refining of Nickel and Cobalt, 27th Annu. Hydrometall. Meet., 1, 329-338 (1997).
  30. Gray, J., Price, M.J. and Fittock, J.E. Operation of a cobalt purification pilot plant. Value Adding Through Solvent Extraction, Proc. of ISEC'96, 1, 703-708 (1996).
  31. Nyman, B., Aaltonen, A., Hultholm, S.E. and Karpale, K. Application of new hydrometallurgical developments in the Outokumpu HIKO process. Hydrometallurgy, 29, 461-478 (1992).
  32. Soldenhoff, K., Hayward, N. and Wilkins, D. Direct solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel from laterite - acid pressure leach liquors. EPD Congr., Proc. Sess. Symp., 153-165 (1998).
  33. Ritcey, G.M., Hayward, N.L. and Salinovich, T. The recovery of nickel and cobalt from lateritic ores. Australian Patent 40890/96 (1996).
  34. Motteram, G., Ryan, M. and Weizenbach, R. Application of the pres- sure acid leach process to Western Australian nickel/cobalt laterites. Hydrometallurgy and Refining of Nickel and Cobalt, 27th Annu. Hydrometall. Meet., 1, 391-407 (1997).
  35. Cole, P.M. The introduction of solvent-extraction steps during upgrading of a cobalt refinery. Hydrometallurgy, 64, 69-77 (2002).
  36. Flett, D.S. and West, D.W. The cobalt catalysed oxidation of solvent extraction diluents. Proc. of ISEC'86, 2, 3-10 (1986).
  37. Mihaylov, I.O., Krause, E., Laundry, S.W. and Luong, C.V. Process for the extraction and separation of nickel and/or cobalt. US Patent 5,378,262 (1995)
  38. M.D. Lanagan and D.C. Ibana, The Solvent Extraction and Stripping of Chromium with CYANEX® 272, Minerals Engineering, 16, 237-245 (2003).
  39. Tinkler, O., D.S. Flett and C. Bourget, Flowsheet Considerations for Copper-Cobalt Projects in the DRC, ALTA Nickel/Cobalt 2007, ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne, Australia, 17 pages (2007).
  40. Bourget, C. and B. Jakovljevic, Operational Practices for CYANEX 272 Extractant Circuits, ISEC 2008, Tucson, Arizona, 1, 447-452 (2008).
  41. Flett, D. S., Solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy: the role of organophosphorus extractants, J. Organometallic Chem. 690, 2426- 2438 (2005).
  42. Roux, L.M., E. Minnaar, P.J. Cilliers, M. Bellino, and R. Dye, Comparison of Solvent Extraction and Selective Precipitation for the Purification of Cobalt Electrolytes at the Luilu Refinery, DRC, Proceedings of the Fourth Southern African Conference on Base Metals, page 343-363, (2007).